Tuesday 13 March 2012

A signal shown, and a distant voice in the darkness to WCIT-12

.
For someone who started out as a young boy learning semaphore, then becoming a radio amateur operator and using Morse code to communicate globally at the age of 15, I have been part of telecoms/IT shift, moving from the Stone Age to the today’s IT technological revolution. As Radio amateur operators we jealously guarded the frequencies we were licenced to use, and if anyone was operating illegally, we jumped on them. Those were the days of self-regulation.

In 1960 I purchased a book called “Computers Made Simple’ which I treasure dearly today. By way of this background, I am seeing on every field visit to remote corners of Sri Lanka, many of today’s most vulnerable being empowered through mobile phones (often shared in a village), public call boxes, or through a computer with access to the internet in a local school, clinic or a 24/7 grocer’s shop. During the West Sumatra earthquake in 2009 when we were the first into remote mountainous villages by helicopter, the first thing we did was take the mobile phone numbers of people, which guided us on further relief distribution and evacuation of the most vulnerable. It also enabled us to communicate with villagers to check what damage aftershocks did. We also discovered ingenious local technology because most villagers were without power, so they wired up their phone chargers to run off motor bike generators.

At that time, Will Rogers working for the Irish Red Cross, did yeoman service in setting up a beneficiary communication programme which was brilliant. One of the poems I love about communications is written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow



Ships that pass in the night, and speak each other in passing, only a signal shown, and a distant voice in the darkness; So on the ocean of life, we pass and speak one another, only a look and a voice, then darkness again and a silence.




Therefore I recently read Paul Conneally's Opinion Piece with great interest. Paul is an old friend and is head of communications and partnerships at the ITU (International telecommunications Union) and a brilliant social networker, communicator and someone who values the worth of beneficiary communication. I fully support Paul's comments about it being  essential we combine forces to ensure that: “We can only achieve global solutions through a global framework that promotes – for example – the secured sharing of information and expertise, more effective early warning systems to mitigate cyber risks, and developing effective resilience across society.”

Unlike my youth as a radio amateur operator when the air waves were self-regulatory, global frameworks are required to guard against cyber risks and cyber crime.
By achieving this, we can be guaranteed to serve globally, populations at risk by reliable communications.

The UN's specialised agency for information and communication technologies (ICTs), the International Telecom Union (ITU), will hold a World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12) in December. The aim of the conference is to review the global treaty widely credited for creating the basis of today's connected world, thus the international regulatory framework governing all ICT technologies.

The conference comes at a time when technology is having a major impact on economic and social development, and represents a once-in-a-generation opportunity to improve it even further.

The treaty under review is known as the International Telecommunication Regulations, or ITRs. It provides governments and industries across the globe with the necessary frameworks for bringing variety and competition to their telecommunications and ICT markets.

Telecom regulations opened the door in the 1990s for mobile and the internet technologies. They have stood the test of time but need to adapt to the rapid technological innovations and address critical issues such as cybersecurity. Cyberthreats are on the rise and the risk of cyberwar is very real.

But there are no superpowers in cyberspace. In a connected world we are as strong as our weakest link. We can only achieve global solutions through a global framework that promotes – for example – the secured sharing of information and expertise, more effective early warning systems to mitigate cyberrisks, and developing effective resilience across society.

The WCIT-12, which is being convened at the request of our 193 member states, will discuss these issues. We have the depth of experience that comes from being the world's longest established intergovernmental organisation and we've been carrying ITU's essential role from the days of the telegraph right through to the modern interconnected world.


Left. Communications is more than  a letter and a stamp. Photo: Bob McKerrow


The right to communicate has been central to the ITU's mission since its origins. Many feel that the time has come to build on the success of the ITR treaty and pave way for creating a fully inclusive information society over the next decade, one that ensures the world's people can gain equitable and affordable access to voice, video and data.

Governments and the private sector have complementary roles. Governments shape policy and regulation in consultation with all stakeholders, and the private sector delivers services and infrastructure. Together, ultimately, they implement.

WCIT will express the common will of ITU's major stakeholders – its government and private sector membership – and we'll continue to ask for input and feedback

The conference should find win-win solutions that will act as a positive catalyst for the future development of ICT, to benefit all countries and every aspect of people's social lives.

Ever since I was a young lad, I have been fascinated by the history of how people have used fire, birds, flags, voice amplification, telegraph, the electric telegraph, radio telegraphy up to the modern day computers.
Here is a history that I find so interesting.

PRELUDE


1200 BC - Homer talks about signal fires in the Illiad.

700 BC to 300 AD - Carrier pigeons used in Olympic games

1588 AD - Arrival of the Spanish Armada announced by signal fires

Voice telegraphs used hundreds of years BC through the Middle Ages and in the Canary Islands today.

~1800 AD - A line of canon from Buffalo to NYC used to announce Gov. DeWitt Clinton's inaugural trip through the Erie Canal. It took 80 minutes.


EARLY BEGINNINGS

1791 - The Chappe brothers, in France, were in their teens and were going to schools some distance apart but visible to each other. They obtained permission to set up a signaling system so they could send messages to each other. Their semaphore system consisted of movable arms on a pole whose positions denoted letters of the alphabet.

1793- The Chappe brothers established the first commercial semaphore system between two locations near Paris. Napoleon thought this was a great idea. Soon there were semaphore signaling systems covering the main cities of France. Semaphore signaling spread to Italy, Germany and Russia. Thousands of men were employed manning the stations. Speed: about 15 characters per minute. Code books came into play so that whole sentences could be represented by a few characters. Semaphores weren't very successful in England because of the fog and smog caused by the Industrial Revolution. Claude Chappe headed France's system for 30 years and then was "retired" when a new administration came into power. There were semaphore systems in the U.S., especially from Martha's Vineyard (an island near Cape Cod) and Boston, reporting to Boston's Custom House on the movement of sailing ships. This was also true around New York City and San Francisco. Samuel F.B. Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph, reportedly saw the semaphore system in operation in Europe. The last operational semaphore system went out of business in 1860. It was located in Algeria.

1840 - Congress was requested to provide funding for a semaphore system running from NYC to New Orleans. Samuel Morse, it is said, advised against funding of this system because of his work on developing the electric telegraph.

1843 - FAX invented by the Scottish physicist Alexander Bain.

1844 - Morse demonstrates the electric telegraph.

1851 - There are 51 telegraph companies in operation

1856 - Western Union formed by six men from Rochester, N.Y. They start an acquisition spree.

1861 - Both coasts are connected. There are now 2250 telegraph offices in operation nationwide.

1867 - The first Atlantic cable, promoted by Cyrus Field, was layed on July 27th.

1870 - Thomas Edison invents multiplex telegraphy.

1872 - Western Union buys the telegraph equipment manufacturing firm, Gray & Barton, and renamed it Western Electric.


THE TELEPHONE

1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. Elisha Gray files a patent application 3 hours after Bell. Over 600 patent suits filed during the next 11 years. Settled in Bell's favor. Bell offers his patent to Western Union for $100,000. I obtained the following item years ago from Warren Bender, of A.D. Little, Inc. Warren published it in an early issue of the Transactions of the IEEE Systems, Man & Cybernetics Society. I would like to share it with you.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and his financial backer, Gardiner G. Hubbard, offered Bell's brand new patent (No. 174,465) to the Telegraph Company - the ancestor of Western Union. The President of the Telegraph Company, Chauncey M. DePew, appointed a committee to investigate the offer. The committee report has often been quoted. It reads in part:

"The Telephone purports to transmit the speaking voice over telegraph wires. We found that the voice is very weak and indistinct, and grows even weaker when long wires are used between the transmitter and receiver. Technically, we do not see that this device will be ever capable of sending recognizable speech over a distance of several miles.

"Messer Hubbard and Bell want to install one of their "telephone devices" in every city. The idea is idiotic on the face of it. Furthermore, why would any person want to use this ungainly and impractical device when he can send a messenger to the telegraph office and have a clear written message sent to any large city in the United States?

"The electricians of our company have developed all the significant improvements in the telegraph art to date, and we see no reason why a group of outsiders, with extravagant and impractical ideas, should be entertained, when they have not the slightest idea of the true problems involved. Mr. G.G. Hubbard's fanciful predictions, while they sound rosy, are based on wild-eyed imagination and lack of understanding of the technical and economic facts of the situation, and a posture of ignoring the obvious limitations of his device, which is hardly more than a toy... .
"In view of these facts, we feel that Mr. G.G. Hubbard's request for $100,000 of the sale of this patent is utterly unreasonable, since this device is inherently of no use to us. We do not recommend its purchase."

The amusing thing about this letter, in retrospect, is that Bell obtained controlling interest in Western Union by 1882!

1876 - Edison invents the electric motor and the phonograph.

1877 - Western Union has first telephone line in operation between Somerville, MA and Boston.

1878 - First telephone directory, New Haven, CT, and had 21 listings.

1880 - American Bell founded. 30,000 phones in use. Bell spoke over a 1300-ft beam of light using his patented Photophone equipment.

1881 - Mr. Eckert who ran a telephone company in Cincinnati said he preferred the use of females to males as operators. "Their service is much superior to that of men or boys. They are much steadier, do not drink beer nor use profanity, and are always on hand."

1882 - Bell has controlling interest in Western Union and Western Electric.

1884 - Paul Nipkow obtains a patent in Germany for TV, using a selenium cell and a mechanical scanning disk. First long distance call: Boston to NYC.

1885 - Theodore Vail becomes President of AT&T. Leaves in 1887 to go to South America to install electric traction systems.

1890 - Herman Hollerith gets a contract for processing the 1900 census data using punched cards. His firm was eventually named IBM in 1924.

MATURATION

1892 - Amon Strowger, the St. Louis undertaker, became upset on finding that the wife of a competitor was a telephone operator who made his line busy and transferred calls meant for him to her husband. "Necessity is the mother of invention" so Strowger developed the dial telephone system to get the operator out of the system. He forms a Chicago firm, Automatic Electric, to manufacture step-by-step central office equipment (which is now owned by GTE). The first automatic C.O. was installed in LaPorte, Indiana. I discovered in Ralph Meyer's book, Old Time Telephones, that actually, in 1879, Connelly, Connelly and McTighe patented an automatic dial system, although they did not commercialize it.

1893 - An early form of broadcasting was started in Budapest over 220 miles of telephone wires serving 6000 subscribers who could listen at regular schedules to music, news, stock market prices, poetry readings and lectures.

1900 - John J. Carty, Chief Engineer of NY Tel (and later AT&T), installs loading coils, invented by Michael Pupin, to extend range and utilizes open wire transposition to reduce crosstalk an inductive pickup from ac transmission lines. AT&T paid Pupin $255,000 for the use of his patent. There are now about 20,000 telcos in business. There are now 856,000 telephones in service.

1906 - Lee deForest invents the vacuum tube.

1907 - States start to regulate telcos. Mississippi was among the first. (The idea of regulation goes back several centuries, when in England, innkeepers were required to post their charges to prevent gouging. (I wish it applied to plumbers.) "Common carrier" regulation refers to government approval of tariffs filed by railroads, truck lines, telcos, etc which provide the terms and conditions whereby the public can make use of their services.

1907 -Theodore Vail returns as President of AT&T (and Western Union). He is responsible for the concept of "end-to-end" service that guided AT&T and other telcos in providing the C.O., transmission systems, and CPE that lasted until the Carterphone and Specialized Common Carrier Decisions.

1909 - Western Union and AT&T are closely locked.

1910 - Peter DeBye in Holland, develops theory for optical waveguides. He was a few years ahead of his time. Interstate Commerce Commission starts to regulate telcos.

1913 - The Kingsbury Agreement. Mr. Kingsbury was an AT&T vice president. In his famous letter to the U.S. Government, AT&T agrees to divest its holdings of Western Union, stop acquisition of other telcos, and permit other telcos to interconnect.

1914 - Underground cables link Boston, NYC and Washington.

1915 - Vacuum tube amplifiers used the first time in coast-to-coast telco circuits. In opening the service, Bell, in New York, repeated his famous first telephone sentence to his assistant, Mr.Watson, who was in San Francisco, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you." Watson replied, "If you want me, it will take me almost a week to get there." E.T. Whitaker develops the sampling theorem that forms the basis of today's PCM and TCM technologies.

1920 - Bell introduces its own step-by-step offices that were previously acquired from Automatic Electric. G. Valensi develops the time domain multiplexing concept.

1921 - The Willis-Graham Act allows telcos to merge with permission of the States and the Interstate Commerce Commission.

1925 - Bell Telephone Laboratories founded. 1.5 million dial telephones in service out of 12 million phones in service.

1926 - Baird in Scotland and Jenkins in the U.S. demonstrate TV using neon bulbs and mechanical scanning disks. P.M. Rainey at Western Electric patents the PCM methodology.

1928 - Zworykin files patents on electronic scanning TV using the iconoscope.

1930 - AT&T introduces much higher quality insulated wire.

1934 - Federal Communications Commission founded. Combined functions of RF spectrum allocation previously handled by the Federal Radio Commission and interstate regulation for common carriers. Introduced "value-of-service" pricing which required the subsidization of residential subscribers to speed the availability of nationwide telephone service.

1935 - First telephone call around the world. About 6700 telcos in operation.

1937 - Bell introduces the Model 300 improved handset.

1938 - Bell introduces crossbar central office switches.

1939 - WU introduces coast-to-coast fax service. John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry invent the first electronic computer at the Iowa State University. In 1973 a judge ruled in a patent infringement suit that their research was the source of most of the ideas for the modern computer.

1941- Konrad Zuse in Germany develops the first programmable calculator using binary numbers and boolean logic.

1943 - Philadelphia is the last city to have telephone service supplied by different local carriers (until the recent deregulatory moves by Congress and the FCC.) Western Union and Postal Telegraph permitted to merge.

1945 - AT&T lays 2000 miles of coax cable. Arthur C. Clarke proposes communications satellites.

1946 - AT&T televises Army-Navy game in Philadelphia and transmits it to NYC

1946 - ATT has 8 VF channels on microwave from Catalina Island to Los Angeles. Raytheon has a microwave link transmitting audio from WQXR in NYC to Boston.



1946 - FCC's Recording Devices Docket required telcos to furnish connecting arrangements for conversation recorders. The use of "beep tones" required when conversations are recorded.



1947 - Telcos install nationwide numbering plan. BTL has a 96-channel PCM experimental system working between Murray Hill, N.J. and NYC and quickly discovers the need for repeaters for long-distance service.On December 23, BTL introduces the germanium point contact transistor and in the following year the alloy junction germanium transistor. TI introduces the silicon-based transistor in 1958.

1949 - AT&T introduces the famous black rotary Model 500 telephone.

1949 - Bell Labs publishes Shannon's seminal theory of relay logic so important in the development of modern computers.

1949 - FCC's Jordaphone Docket (1949 - 1954). A precursor to Part 68. Jordaphone and three other manufacturers of answering machines sought FCC approval for their use on telco lines. The FCC decision left the matter to the states as only about 1% of telephone calls at that time were interstate. Commissioner Frieda Hennock filed her famous opposition in favor of the petitioners.

1950 - 75% of lines are party lines.

1952 - The first database was implemented on RCA's Bizmac computer. Reynold Johnson, an IBM engineer, developed a massive hard disk consisting of fifty platters, each two feet wide, that rotated on a spindle at 1200 rpm with read/write heads. These were called "jukeboxes".

1954 - Gene Amdahl developed the first computer operating system for the IBM 704. Sony introduces the first transistor radio that sold for $49.95. Raytheon introduces the transistor for hearing aids replacing its line of subminiature tubes. Zenith's highly successful hearing aids using subminiature tubes, about the size of a pack of cigarettes with a separate battery pack sold for about $25.00. The new transistor hearing aids reduced the size of the electronic package to about the size of a box of matches with an internal battery and sold for about $100. The first in-the-ear hearing aids appeared about 1955-1956.

1955 - According to Ken Krechmer, A.W. Morten and H.E. Vaughan describe the development of a real modem in their BSTJ paper, Transmission of Digital Information over Telephone Circuits, May 1955. Reynold Johnson at IBM develops the first disk drive.

1956 - AT&T's Consent Decree. In 1949, the Department of Justice wanted AT&T to divest itself of Western Electric.The court ignored the Department of Justice's request. Instead, as the result of the Consent Decree, AT&T got to keep WE; however, it could only stay in the field of telecommunications and it had to license its patents to others.

HUSH-A-PHONE DECISION

1956 -. Telco tariffs did not permit customers to add even shoulder rests, let alone noise reducing Hush-a-Phone cup over the microphone. In North Carolina, one was not permitted to place a cover on a telephone directory. (This latter issue was stricken by order of the North Carolina Supreme Court.) The Hush-a-Phone court decision was important because it permitted customer-provided equipment that a privately beneficial and not publicly harmful could be connected to the network. Hush-a-Phone permitted the use of acoustically and/or inductively coupled answering machines, such as Jordaphone, and also fax machines. Previously, AT&T permitted only Government and newspaper wire services to connect fax machines and wire photo equipment. One of the early founders of a fax manufacturing company met with Walter Gifford, President of AT&T in the early 1920s to obtain permission to connect wire line fax equipment to the network for use by newspapers. He said:
"Mr. Gifford, I believe you permit anyone to speak English over you network?"
Mr. Gifford replied, "Why, yes."
"How about foreign languages?"
"Yes, of course."
"Is it OK to whistle or to make unintelligible noises?"
"Yes, of course."
"Well, how about my fax machine? It makes a noise similar to bleep, bleep, bleep."

Mr. Gifford did not object and the news services got permission to connect their fax and wire photo equipment.

1957 - October 4, the Russians launched the first satellite, Sputnik.

INVENTION OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

1958 - AT&T introduces datasets (modems) for direct connection. Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments, developed the first integrated circuit. TI introduces the silicon-based transistor which soon eclipsed germaninum devices in production volume. Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation develops the first transistorized computer, Model 1604. He later uses liquid nitrogen to enhance the speed of CDC's line of supercomputers.

1959 -introduces the TH-1 1860-channel microwave system. The FCC's Above 890 MHz Decision allowed private microwave systems.

1960 - AT&T installs first electronic switching system in Morris, IL.There are now 3299 telephone companies.

1961 - Bell Telephone Labs release design information for the touch-tone dial to Western Electric.

1962 - AT&T introduces T-1 multiplex service in Skokie, IL. Telephone cables now start to use plastic insulation. Paul Baron of RAND introduces the idea of distributed packet-switching networks.

1962 - Comsat formed. American Broadcasting Company requests FCC to allow domestic satellites to distribute TV programs. Approximately 10,000 computers are in service.

1964 - IBM releases its famous Model 360 computer that eventually led to $100 billion in sales over its life cycle. George Heilmeier, at RCA's research labs, invents the liquid crystal display. Douglas Englebart at SRI patented the idea of the mouse.

1965 - AT&T introduces stored program controlled switching. There are now 2421 telephone companies.


CARTER PHONE DECISION

1966 - Tom Carter sues AT&T to permit connection of his phone patch. Court remands the case to FCC. (One writer stated Tom Carter filed for $1.25 million damages and received $300K. His original complaint had been filed in 1958.)

1967 - Larry Roberts at the Advanced Research Projects Agency publishes a paper proposing ARPANET.

1968 -FCC approves Carterphone Decision. AT&T ordered to revise tariffs effective 1/1/69 to permit connection of CPE. (It took about 10 years of legal action to get Part 68 of the FCC rules in place and operational by 1978). AT&T starts development of the Integrated Digital Services Network (ISDN). Gary Englehart at Stanford Research Institute demonstrates the first combination of a keyboard, keypad, mouse, windows and word processor. Dan Noble, IBM, developed the 8-inch floppy disk. Its capacity increased from 33K in 1971 to 1200K in 1977. AT&T starts 56 Kbps service. Pieter Kramer (Philips) invents the compact disk.

1969 - FCC asks National Academy of Science to recommend an interconnection policy. The Department of Defense initiates the ARPANet, which led to the development of Internet. Initially computers at Stanford University and UCLA are connected.

1970 - AT&T introduces its ESS#2 electronic switch. Intel introduces its popular 4004 4-bit microprocessor which starts the evolution of Intel"s famous line of 386, 486 and Pentium processors. There are now 1841 telephone companies. AT&T permitted to sell its teletype (TWX) service to Western Union.FCC approves the Domestic Satellite Order (which was nine years in the making).

1970 - Bell Telephone Labs release design information to Western Electric for the production of Modular Telephone Cords and Jacks.

1971 - The NAS Report recommended that an equipment certification program could be established to prevent harm to the network caused by hazardous voltages, excessive signal power, improper network control signaling and line imbalance. FCC establishes the PBX and Dialer and Answering Devices Committees to recommend certification standards based on the NAS Report. Satellite decision (nine There was also the Computer I Decision. (Western Union wanted to make use of excess CO computer capacity to do data processing. This decision led to procedures to assure no cross-subsidization between regulated and unregulated activities.) Gary Starkweather, Xerox, patents first laser printer. A couple of years later HP and Canon jointly introduce the first commercial laser printers. FCC establishes the PBX Advisory Committee and the Dialer and Answering Devices Committee and were terminated on the approval of Part 68. The PBX Committee's report was turned over to EIA where it eventually as a voluntary standard, 470. The Dialer and Answering Devices meetings were so contentious that no report was published. The Specialized Common Carrier Decision allowed MCI to get its private line service started over its St. Louis - Chicago route

1973 - Docket 19419 on Pricing of Datasets opened up the necessary technical background for Docket 19528 which led to the development of Part 68. This docket also established a Federal-State Joint Board. A two-week cross-examination of Larry Hohmann, AT&T's Director of Engineering by FCC attorney Michael Slomin provides much of the technical information that led to Part 68 of the FCC's Rules.The Joint Board's recommendations were adopted in part. A companion docket covered standardization of physical connectors needed for the interconnection program proceeded in parallel. In Docket 19808, the famous Telerent Decision, the Commission permitted states to have their own interconnection programs so long as they were no more stringent than the Federal program. This decision was appealed twice to the 4th Circuit Court then went all the way to the Supreme Court for final approval. (As a result telcos when they want to initiate a special intrastate service must file a tariff for the service and a "network disclosure" document that clearly identifies service and equipment requirements.) Docket 20003 was an economic study prepared by the Commission for Congress to show estimated economic effects of permitting private ownership of telephone terminal equipment an permitting competition in interstate telecommunications. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is introduced making it easier to transfer data information. Harvard grants a PhD to Bob Metcalf . His thesis describes Ethernet.

1973 - Bell Telephone Labs released design information to Western Electric for production of the Com-Key 416, the first KTU-less key system which was less susceptible to damage caused by lightning storms.

1974 - First domestic satellites in operation. AT&T introduces the digital subsriber loop. BBN opens the first public packet-switched network. Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn discuss connecting networks together to form an "internet". They collaborate in creating aTransmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Department of Justice files its antitrust suit against AT&T. The Consent Decree, resulting therefrom, required AT&T to divest itself of the 24 Bell Operating Companies by 1984. Value-added (packet-switched networks) come on the scene.

1975 - Summary: There are now 1618 telcos and 140 million phones in the U.S. Bell companies supply 85% of the lines; GTE: 10%. Smallest telco had 19 subscribers. About this time the last manual telco switchboard in Maine is retired.

Notes on GTE: Started in 1918 in Wisconsin by two men who bought the Richland Center Telephone Co. On vacation in California, they discovered a telco for sale for $1 million. Its purchase was financed by Paine Webber. By 1945, they owned 22 telcos in 19 states. In 1955, they merged with Gary Telephone which owned Automatic Electric (founded by Amon Strowger). In 1957, they picked up telco properties in Florida and in 1959, Lenkurt, a manufacturer of microwave equipment.

1975 - BTL released production design information to Western Electric for electronic key systems.

PART 68 ADOPTED

1975 continued -. The First Report and Order in Docket 19528 led to Part 68 of FCC rules. A court stay was lifted on June 16, 1976 to permit the registration program to go into effect for toll restrictors, answering machines and data modems. Popular Electronics features the MITS Altair 8800 computer which is considered the first personal computer. Fiber optics being trialed in the U.S. and Europe. FCC's Docket 20099 meetings from 1974 through 1983 establishes carrier-to-carrier interconnection standards. After the breakup of the Bell System, this activity was taken over by the Exchange Carriers Standards Association, later known as the Alliance for Telecommmunications Industry Solutions (ATIS). Docket 20774 establishes standard plugs and jacks for the registration program.

1976 - Digital radio and time division switching introduced. Alan Shugart, IBM, introduced the 5.25-in floppy in 1976. (Much later, in 1987, SONY introduced the 3.5" floppy). Floppies were first introduced with IBM's PCs when they first came on the market in 1981. The telephone companies support "The Consumers Communications Reform Act of 1976" H.R. 12323, which was endorsed by more than 90 members of the House. This proposed legislation would have retained the telephone companies' monopoly. The FCC counters with its Docket 20003, Economic Implications and Interrelationships Arising from Policies and Practices Relating to Cusotmer Interconnection, Jurisdictional Separations and Rate Structures .Resale and sharing of carrier services permitted. Other Common Carriers (OCCs) now have access to telco Foreign Exchange (FX) and Common Control Switching Arrangement (CCSA) private network facilities.

1977 - The Second Report and Order in Docket 19528 survived challenge in the Court of Appeals 4th Circuit. This item provided rules for telephones, key systems and PBXs. The order was challenged again all the way to the Supreme Court, which permitted the registration program to begin on October 17, 1977. The FCC completed program implementation rules by July 1, 1978 in the Third Report and Order. Registration of phones, KTSs and PBXs begin. MCI wins a court challenge to its Execunet Service which permitted the public to make use of its long distance facilities.

1978 - Commission rejects telephone companies' request for the Primary Instrument Concept in which all subscribers would be required to have at least one phone provided by the telephone company.

1979 - The Fourth Report and Order established rules regarding equipment-to-equipment connections. Docket 79-143 established rules for analog OPS and tie line equipment. GTE requests FCC to convene a special task group to develop recommendations for inclusion of T-1 services into Part 68. Dan Brinklin, while still in college, introduces the Visicalc spreadsheet which becomes a spectacular success. Docket 79-105 requires telcos to stop capitalizing premises wiring and the states set up amortization schedules for the eventual transfer of premises wiring ownership to the premises owners.

1980 - AT&T introduces the DataSpeed 40, a forerunner of the current generation "smart terminals" having the capability of doing various forms of data processing rather than serving solely as input terminal to a computer. This led to the Computer II Decision which came up with a binary test: Was the device for "basic" service; or was it for "enhanced" service? Enhanced services had three subdivisions: Protocol conversion, data processing, and information retrieval. All of this led to the Computer III Decision and the Open Network Architecture concept in 1989. Digital local offices and optical fiber transmission being deployed. Switching System #7 is being gradually deployed.

1981 - Docket 81-216, the "Omnibus Docket" was so called because it contained about two dozen items, including make-busy, digital systems, more on premises wiring, party lines, reducing dc on-hook resistance requirements and many more. It took several years to clear all of these items. Hayes introduces its landmark 300-bps modem. IBM introduces its PC in August 1981.

1981 - Bell Telephone Labs design of a network-embedded database of Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) for calling card customers to be accessed by public telephones over Signaling System 7.
1983 - In the CBEMA Decision, an outgrowth of the Computer II Decision, the Commission requires telcos to publish a "Network Disclosure" statement providing information of interconnection and operability requirements for new services. Carolyn Doughty, Bell Telephone Laboratories, files a patent on Caller ID.

BREAKUP OF AT&T

1984 - Court orders divestiture of AT&T based on Department of Justice suit. Fred Henck, publisher of Telecommunications Reports and Bernie Strassburg, retired Chief of the Common Carrier Bureau, in their book covering the divestiture of AT&T estimated that legal fees and settlements cost AT&T more than $5 billion. (A Slippery Slope - The Long Road to the Breakup of AT&T)

FCC decisions released relative to turning over previously installed premises wiring to premises owners; Congressionally mandated hearing aid-compatibility requirements for "essential" phones. FCC permits registration of privately owned "instrument operated" coin phones.

1985 - FCC decisions related to registration of CPE for T-1 and subrate digital services

1986 - FCC decision to phase out line-powered channel service units. The National Science Foundation introduces its 56kbps backbone network.

1987 - Ameritech files for registration of switched 56 Kbps digital service CPE. This was integrated with the SW Bell petition to include ISDN in the rules in October of 1991. (It took until 1991 for EIA to develop technical standards for this service.) Bellcore introduces the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) concept which has the potential of multimedia transmission over the nation's copper loops. SONY introduces the 3.5-in floppy. Philip Estridge, IBM, developed the first hard drive for PCs. It held 10MB. N.J. Bell is the first to implement Caller ID.

1988 - Congress passes the Telecom Trade Act of 1988 in response to alleged dumping of telecom systems in the U.S. by foreign manufacturers. One aspect was the requirement of all imported telecom equipment to comply with all applicable FCC requirements. Enforcement is by U.S. Customs.

1988 - FCC issues Docket 88-57, based on an EIA petition for clarification of previous premises wiring policies. (An order was released in 1990 which elicited about ten petitions for reconsideration. The final order was released in June 1997 clearing many outstanding issues.)

1989 - Congressional decision requiring all new customer-owned phones to be hearing aid compatible. The Computer III Decision leading to the Open Network Architecture concept was to allow unbundled access to all enhanced service providers, everyone receives equal quality and pricing, standard accounting guidelines and to have the BOCs determine what services are needed and how to tariff these services. (There were 118 different services proposed; about half of them could be offered and about 20% of the proposed would have to wait for new technology.) NSF ups its backbone network from 56kbps to T-1.

1990 - AT&T filed a petition to strengthen DID rules for prevention of toll fraud. EIA filed a petition to require digital security coding for cordless phones to prevent random dialing that interfered with 911 operations. Docket 90-313 requiring hotels/motels and coin phones to provide equal access to competing long distance carriers was resolved in 1992.

1991 - Docket 91-281 establishing nationwide caller ID went into effect in late 1995. There are a number of related of related issues yet to be resolved. The Telephone Consumers Protection Act, among other things, required the use of "fax branding" to identify the source of incoming faxes. There were a couple of court cases which delayed application of fax branding to PC fax cards until 1995. Southwestern Bell files to include ISDN in Part 68. The final rules for ISDN went into effect on November 13, 1996. (Canada had essentially the same rules in place for the preceding five years.) Note that AT&T started development of ISDN about the same time that Part 68 was introduced.

WORLD-WIDE WEB IS BORN

1992 - The World Wide Web is born - the brain child of CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. Congress required all agencies to metricize their rules. A major impact was on Part 68 plug and jack drawings. We wish to thank a special TIA task group under George Lawrence that managed this job expertly and professionally. The first audio and video multicasts are broadcast over the Internet.

1993 - Telecom Relay Service (TRS) available for the disabled. The NSF network backbone jumps from T-1 to T-3. The Internet browser MOSAIC is introduced at the University of Illinois.

1994 - TRS becomes the fastest growing telecom service in the U.S. The Commission requested comments on technology for location of any station behind a PBX that made an E911 call. There were over 120 responses. The Netscape Internet browser is introduced. Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. sign the NAFTA agreement. NSF is working to build a very high-speed backbone called VBNS. Internet is pretty much world-wide with the exception of most of the African interior, Pakistan, Mongolia, Cuba and some areas in South America and Southeast Asia. Real Audio introduced to Internet which allows one to hear in near real time. Radio HK, the first 24-hr Internet only radio station, starts broadcasting.

1996 - TIA files to harmonize Part 68 with Canada's CS-03 after working five years with Canada's TAPAC group They did their homework well, getting industry concurrence before filing. Canada approved its version on August 14, 1996. Because of the impact of Congress' revision of the Telecommunications Act, the FCC was swamped with 80 new rulemakings to be completed by August of 1996, and so approval of the harmonized Part 68/CS-03 was delayed. It was approved on July 30, 1997.. The Commission instituted a "negotiated rulemaking" procedure for requiring phones in the workplace to be hearing aid compatible. As a result, approval took slightly more than a year and was announced in the Federal Register on August 14, 1996. And, it was announced that the industry will form a new group (Lockheed) to administer the new North American numbering plan. A waiver process was adopted that allows manufacturers to register stutter dialtone devices. Currently, there are almost 1400 telcos still in business. In 1996, Digital Equipment Corporation introduced its line of Alpha microprocessors using 64-bit RISC architecture and operating up to 533 Mbps.

CONGRESS APPROVES 1996 TELECOM ACT

February 1996 - Congress passed the 1996 Telecommunications Act which requires FCC to develop 80 new rulemakings within a six-month period leading to increased competition is all aspects of telecommunications. "Central-office implemented coin phones" are now required to be registered as a result of opening this market to competition.

In early 1996 ANSI approved an ADSL standard for the Discrete Multitone (DMT) version. Another competing concept called Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation (CAP) is currently in the running. The ADSL concept spawned an exposion of related concepts that permit transmission over copper up to close to 100Mbps. New copper fabrication techniques have opened the avenue of very high speed data (multimedia) transmission in excess of 100 Mbps over useful ranges for premises wiring.

September 1996 - Rockwell announced a 56 kbps modem chip set designed for Internet applications. 56K download (PCM); 33.6 upload (analog). Technical committees start development of standards for this new technology. Ccntroversy erupts over the fact the modulation technology limits the theoretical speed to about 53K because of Part 68's signal power limitation requirements to prevent crosstalk to third parties. Actually, because of line impairments the fastest practical speed is around 42 to 44K.

November 1996. FCC network protection standards for Switched 56 and ISDN go into effect. USTA Annual Report says there are 170 million copper access loops in service nationwide, increasing at the rate of 5 million annually. Internet 2 is proposed to connect university computers together by means of one gigabyte pipes using SONET and ATM networks.

1997 - February 25, 1997 - Lucent announced development of wireless loops with 128K ISDN capability. Rockwell receives FCC registration for its 56K PCM modem to be used by Internet service providers.

June 12, 1997 - The U.S and the E.U. reach agreement on mutual recognition of product testing and approval requirements covering everything from lawnmowers, pharmaceuticals, recreational craft to telecom equipment.

June 17, 1997 - FCC issues NPRM for BICSI petition to require the use of twisted-pair premises wiring to prevent crosstalk. Many issues outanding from the premises wiring docket 88-57 finally resolved. Micosoft buys WebTV that claims to have 85,000 subscribers. Canada releases draft of its proposed ADSL terminal equipment standards covering DMT and CAP/QAM technologies.

July 30, 1997, the Commission approves the harmonization of Part 68 and Canada's CS-03 network protection standards to be effective April 20, 1998.

January 1998, Rockwell, Nortel, Paradyne and others announce an ADSL-lite program called Consumer ADSL or CDSL which will download at about 1Mbps based on CAP technology. In contrast the T1E1 and international standards seem to be heading for DMT technology with download speeds around 6 to 8 Mbps. Other competing modes include Rate Adaptive DSL and another called Multiple Virtual Line (MVL) which can offer up to eight virtual phone lines sharing 768 kbps in one or both directions up to 24 kilofeet and working over in-home wiring.
February 1998 - V.90 56K standard was approved ending months of difficult negotiations and modem wars. Most of the older 56K modems can be upgraded by software downloading to work with the new standard.

So we've got up to 1998, and we have come from semaphore to morse code, radio to computer. I think that is enough for this posting.

Special thanks to William von Alven, to quote from his blog.

William von Alven, Manager, FCC Part 68 Operations
May 1998

123 comments:

Anonymous said...

Terrific article! This is the type of information that should be shared around the web.

Shame on the search engines for not positioning this publish upper!
Come on over and visit my website . Thanks =)

Feel free to visit my webpage: raspberry ketones diet

Anonymous said...

you've got a fantastic blog right here! would you like to make some invite posts on my weblog?

Feel free to surf to my homepage: wiki.indonesiaunite.com

Anonymous said...

Definitely, what a fantastic site and enlightening posts, I surely will bookmark your
website.Best Regards!

Here is my blog rudester dating

Anonymous said...

Hey very nice site!! Man .. Beautiful .. Amazing
.. I will bookmark your web site and take the feeds
also�I am happy to find numerous useful info here in the post, we need work
out more techniques in this regard, thanks for sharing.
. . . . .

Here is my web blog :: gloxem.com

Anonymous said...

Thanks for your post on the traveling industry. I'd personally also like to add that if you are one senior taking into account traveling, it is absolutely imperative that you buy traveling insurance for golden-agers. When traveling, older persons are at greatest risk being in need of a health emergency. Buying the right insurance plan package for your age group can look after your health and give you peace of mind.

Take a look at my homepage - http://wiki.cocev.de

Anonymous said...

Hello there! This is kind of off topic but I need some
help from an established blog. Is it very hard to set up your own blog?
I'm not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick. I'm
thinking about creating my own but I'm not sure where to start. Do you have any tips or suggestions? Cheers

Here is my page: love dating

Anonymous said...

Thanks for your write-up. What I want to comment on is that when looking for
a good on-line electronics go shopping, look for a internet site with
complete information on key elements such as the personal privacy
statement, safety measures details, any payment options, and various terms plus policies.
Usually take time to investigate the help plus FAQ segments to get a far better idea of how a shop performs, what they are capable of
doing for you, and how you can take full advantage of the features.


My blog post: top free dating sites

Anonymous said...

I've been surfing online more than 4 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all web owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the web will be much more useful than ever before.

Also visit my page Airplane Games

Anonymous said...

Thank you for the sensible critique. Me & my neighbor were just preparing to do a little research on this.

We got a grab a book from our area library but I think I
learned more clear from this post. I'm very glad to see such magnificent information being shared freely out there.

Also visit my web page :: facebook for sex

Anonymous said...

I�ll right away grab your rss as I can not find your e-mail
subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you've any? Kindly let me know in order that I could subscribe. Thanks.

Here is my web blog - fuck book

Anonymous said...

I blog often and I genuinely thank yоu foг your content.

This article has trulу peаked my interest.
I'm going to book mark your blog and keep checking for new information about once per week. I subscribed to your RSS feed as well.

Check out my homepage ... cheap silver shoes uk

Anonymous said...

ӏf some one wiѕhes to be uρԁatеd
with hottest teсhnologіеs аftеr thаt he must
be ρay a quick visit this web sіte and bе uρ to ԁаte evеryԁay.


Heгe is my web ѕite; evening silver Shoes

Anonymous said...

Ηowdy! I'm at work surfing around your blog from my new iphone 4! Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to all your posts! Carry on the great work!

Stop by my website ... electric steam mop

Anonymous said...

Veгу nice post. I just stumbleԁ uρon your wеblog and wіshеd to say that Ӏ have really еnjoyed surfing around your blog posts.

After all I wіll be subsсribing to youг rss fеed and ӏ hope you write again
vеry soon!

my blog - oil for a deep fryer

Anonymous said...

You actuallу make it seem rеаlly
easy along ωith your presentation howeѵer Ι in finding
this mаtter to be actuаlly something which I feel I would
by no means undеrѕtand. It kind οf
feels toо cоmplісated аnԁ extгemely wiԁe for me.
I'm taking a look forward to your next put up, I will try to get the dangle of it!

Feel free to surf to my homepage ... eyelash Glue

Anonymous said...

Whаt's up to all, how is everything, I think every one is getting more from this web page, and your views are pleasant in support of new visitors.

My homepage :: best steam mop reviews

Anonymous said...

Нeya i am foг the primary time here. ӏ came
aсroѕs this boarԁ and I find It truly helpful & it hеlped me оut a lot.
I hope to give something back and аid otheгѕ such as you aidеd me.


Stop by my wеbsite ... homemade ice cream recipes for ice cream makers

Anonymous said...

Hi frіends, faѕtidious piece of ωriting and good
аrgumentѕ commenteԁ here, I am truly enjoying by these.


Have a look at my homeρage :: epilator for women

Anonymous said...

I am genuinеly thаnkful to the owneг οf thiѕ website who
has shaгed this fantastic post at here.

Here is my weblog ... French Cafe Menus

Anonymous said...

І don't even understand how I ended up right here, however I believed this put up used to be great. I do not realize who you are but certainly you'rе going to a famous blogger when уοu aге nοt alгеady.
Сheers!

My websitе ... steam mop x5

Anonymous said...

Amazing things hеre. I'm very glad to peer your post. Thank you a lot and I'm having a lоok foгwarԁ to touch you.
Will you pleaѕe drop me a e-mаil?



My website - panasonic bread Makers

Anonymous said...

No matter if some one searches for his vital thing, thus he/she needs
to be available that in detail, thus that thing is maintained over here.


Feel free to surf to my homepage :: raspberry ketone reviews

Anonymous said...

A motivating discussion is definitely worth comment.

I bеliеve that you need tо publish more about
this topic, it may not be а taboo ѕubject but typically рeople do not
speaκ about ѕuch issues. To the neхt!
Best wishes!!

Ηave a lοok аt my wеb blog: Slow cooker sale

Anonymous said...

Αn іmpressіve share! I've just forwarded this onto a friend who had been conducting a little homework on this. And he in fact bought me breakfast simply because I discovered it for him... lol. So allow me to reword this.... Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending the time to talk about this topic here on your web page.

Visit my page: oil less fryer

Anonymous said...

After going over a number of thе articles on your web ѕite, I seriously lіκe yοuг way of wгiting
a blog. I book maгked іt to my bookmаrk webpage list anԁ will
be checκing bacκ ѕoon. Pleаse ѵisit my websіte
too and tell me how you feel.

Have а lοok at mу blog рost .

.. northern italy cuisine

Anonymous said...

Hi just wanted to give you а quicκ heads up anԁ lеt
yοu knοω a fеw οf the images aren't loading correctly. I'm nоt sure why but I think
іtѕ а linkіng issue. І've tried it in two different web browsers and both show the same results.

Also visit my website ... black slow cooker

Anonymous said...

Thanks for finally talking about > "A signal shown, and a distant voice in the darkness to WCIT-12" < Loved it!

Have a look at my webpage :: Windows Xp registry cleaner

Anonymous said...

whoah this ωeblog is wonderful і really like reаԁing your аrtiсles.
Keeρ up the greаt work! You know, а lot
of іndividuals aгe lookіng arounԁ fοr this info, you can help them greatly.


Feel fгee tо surf to my blog post - wet dry epilator

Anonymous said...

What's Going down i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I have discovered It positively helpful and it has helped me out loads. I hope to give a contribution & aid other customers like its helped me. Great job.

Look into my blog: how to Use a deep fat fryer

Anonymous said...

Нi thеrе i аm κavin, іts my
first time to сοmmеnting anyplacе, when i гeaԁ thіs
paragrаph i thоught i сoulԁ alѕo crеatе comment ԁue to
this brilliant ρieсe оf wгіting.


Feel fгee tο suгf tο mу wеbρage .
.. deep fryer oil

Anonymous said...

Тhаnks foг the maгvelous ρosting!
I sегіously enjoyed reаԁing іt, yοu
cοuld be а greаt аuthor.
I ωill rеmember to bookmaгk your blοg anԁ maу сome back
fгom now оn. I want to encouragе you to definitely continue your grеat job, haνe a niсe еvening!


Alѕo visіt my wеb-ѕite ... zizzis

Anonymous said...

Excеllent рost. I used tο be checκing cοntinuouslу this weblog and I'm inspired! Very helpful info specifically the closing part :) I care for such information much. I was seeking this certain info for a long time. Thank you and best of luck.

Also visit my homepage ... deep fat fryers for sale

Anonymous said...

Ηello Dear, aге you in fact visiting this
sitе regularlу, if so then you ωill definіtеly obtain good knоω-how.


Revіew my weblog: cookworks signature mini oven

Anonymous said...

I waѕ eхcited to uncover this web site.
I nеeԁ to to thank you for onеs tіme juѕt for
this wondеrful reaԁ!! ӏ definitеly appreсiateԁ еѵеry littlе bit of
it and І have уou saѵed as a favoгitе to cheсk оut nеw information оn
уour blog.

Feel free to visit my websіte best slow cooker uk

Anonymous said...

Can I simply say what a гelief to unсoveг
a persоn that genuinely understands what theу're talking about on the internet. You definitely understand how to bring a problem to light and make it important. More people must look at this and understand this side of the story. I can't believe уou are not moгe popular
because yοu definitely pοssеss the gift.


Мy homеpage ... small slow cookers

Anonymous said...

I waѕ ωоndeгing іf уou ever thought of changing the layοut
of your websitе? Ӏts very well ωritten;
I love what youѵe got to say. But maybe you could a lіttle more in the way of content so people сοuld сonnect with it bettег.
Youve got an awful lot of text fοr only having one οг two іmages.
Maybe you could sρaсe it out better?

My blog post best ice cream maker

Anonymous said...

boοkmarked!!, I really like your webѕitе!



Stop bу my page - bread maker price

Anonymous said...

Plеаse let me know if уou're looking for a article author for your weblog. You have some really great posts and I believe I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I'd love to
wгite some mаterіаl for your blοg in exchаnge for a linκ bacκ to mіnе.
Please senԁ me an email if interеstеd.
Manу thanks!

Also visit mу homepage electric turkey fryer

Anonymous said...

You could definіtely see уour enthusіasm
in the article уou write. The world hopes for
evеn mοre passionate writers likе you
whο are not afraid to mention how they bеlieνe.
All thе tіme follow уouг heart.


my ωeb-site - electric turkey fryer

Anonymous said...

Grеat pоѕt.

Feel frеe tο visit my homepage :: panasonic bread maker spares

Anonymous said...

Thanκѕ for а mагvelous ρoѕting!
I really enjoуеԁ reading it, уou can be a grеаt аuthοг.
I will makе cеrtain to bookmarκ уour blog and ԁеfinitelу will come bacκ
at somе point. I ωant to еnсourаge that you contіnue уоuг grеat job,
hаvе a nice afteгnoon!

Feel fгее to visit mу website .
.. christmas hampers uk

Anonymous said...

Please let me knоw if you're looking for a writer for your weblog. You have some really good articles and I think I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I'd love to write sοmе material for your blog іn exchange for a link back
to mine. Pleasе blast mе an еmail if interested.

Regaгdѕ!

Mу web sіtе ... white ice cream maker

Anonymous said...

Thankfulneѕѕ to my father who told me regarding thiѕ ωebsіtе, this weblοg is reаlly
remarkable.

Μy web blоg: cuisinart convection bread maker

Anonymous said...

Τhanks foг shаring your thoughtѕ on gold prospecting supplieѕ;.

Regardѕ

Also visіt my webрage: buy breadmakers

Anonymous said...

Wonderful artiсle! That iѕ the tyρе οf info that агe suppοsed to be
shared aсrоsѕ the web. Disgrace on Gοogle for nоt posіtioning thіs submіt
hіgheг! Come оn oveг and
tаlk ovеr wіth my site . Τhanκ уou
=)

Herе iѕ my hоmepаgе ::
Going In this article

Anonymous said...

conѕtantly і used to read smaller postѕ ωhiсh аs well cleаг their motive, and thаt is аlsо happening with
thiѕ artiсle whіch I am rеadіng
at this placе.

Аlso visit my site - french cafe cd

Anonymous said...

Hi i аm kаvin, its mу fіrst time to commenting anywhere, ωhen i read thіs
paragraph i thought i cοuld alѕo create commеnt duе to this sensible post.



Αlso visit my pagе ... morphy richards Bread maker

Anonymous said...

I was wonԁering if you ever considered сhanging the pagе laуout
οf your blog? Its very well written; I lovе what уouve got to say.
But mауbе you could a littlе morе in the way
οf contеnt so people сould cоnnect ωith it better.

Youve got an аwful lοt of text for only having 1 oг 2 images.
Maуbe you could sρace it out better?

my web blοg - Indian Restaurant

Anonymous said...

І sеriοusly love yοur blog.
. Very nicе colors & themе. Dіd уou develoρ this web sitе yourself?
Please reply back as I'm planning to create my own blog and want to learn where you got this from or just what the theme is called. Thank you!

Feel free to visit my blog post: steam cleaner mop

Anonymous said...

Hey juѕt wanteԁ to give yοu a
quick heads uр. Τhe ωords
іn уour contеnt sеem
to be running οff the screеn іn Οpera.

I'm not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with browser compatibility but I thought I'd post to let you know.
The ѕtyle and dеsign look grеat though! Ηope you get the problеm solvеd soon.
Many thankѕ

my wеb page; waring deep fryer

Anonymous said...

Woω thаt was stгange. I just wrotе an vегy long comment but afteг
I cliсκed submit my comment ԁidn't show up. Grrrr... well I'm not wrіtіng аll thаt oveг agаin.
Anyhow, just wantеd to saу great blog!


Feel free tо viѕit mу ωeb blog How To Use A Deep Fat Fryer

Anonymous said...

І want to tο thank you for thіs veгy
goοd гead!! I definitely lovеd еvery bit of it.
I have yοu savеd as a favorіte to сheсk out neω stuff
you post…

Heгe is my webpage; halogen oven video

Anonymous said...

I am reallу impressed tοgetheг with уоur writing
ѕkills aѕ smartly аs with thе
format tο your weblog. Is that this а paid
topic ог did you mοdіfy it your self?
Anyway keep up the eхcellent qualіty ωriting,
it iѕ rare to look a great blоg like
this one today..

Visit my blog ... Restaurant voucher

Anonymous said...

Hello there! Thiѕ is kind of off topic but I nеed some advicе fгom an еѕtablіshed blog.
Is it difficult to ѕet up your оwn blog? I'm not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick. I'm thinking
about creatіng my оwn but I'm not sure where to start. Do you have any points or suggestions? Thanks

My site: actifry

Anonymous said...

Ι've been browsing online greater than 3 hours these days, yet I by no means discovered any attention-grabbing article like yours. It is pretty price sufficient for me. In my opinion, if all site owners and bloggers made excellent content material as you did, the web will probably be a lot more helpful than ever before.

my web blog - eylure eyelashes review

Anonymous said...

Υou really make it ѕeem so easу ωith your рresеntation but I find this topic to be aсtually sοmething which I think I would never unԁerstanԁ.
It seemѕ too complicated аnd extremely
broad for me. І'm looking forward for your next post, I'll trу to get the hang
of it!

Also visit my wеb-site; fryers

Anonymous said...

Pretty! This has been an incredibly wonderful article.

Thanks for supplying this info.

my web blog - flashlights you shake

Anonymous said...

Wow that was odd. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked
submit my comment didn't show up. Grrrr... well I'm not writing all that over
again. Regardless, just wanted to say superb blog!

Also visit my blog post: juicer easy

Anonymous said...

Hello to every body, it's my first go to see of this blog; this blog carries remarkable and really excellent material for visitors.

Here is my weblog diet plans for women

Anonymous said...

After I originally left a comment I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on
whenever a comment is added I get four emails with the same comment.

Perhaps there is a way you can remove me from that service?
Kudos!

Here is my web blog :: jack la lane power juicer

Anonymous said...

See The LG 50PQ3000

my webpage: viavio.net

Anonymous said...

In house Antenna- Assistive Sign For Motor vehicle Tv Antenna

my site :: Click Hyperlink

Anonymous said...

Excellent post. I was checking constantly this blog and I'm impressed! Extremely helpful information specifically the ultimate phase :) I deal with such information much. I used to be looking for this particular info for a long time. Thanks and good luck.

Here is my homepage - gagner de l'argent sur internet

Anonymous said...

Thanks on your marvelous posting! I certainly
enjoyed reading it, you may be a great author.I will ensure that I bookmark your blog and definitely will
come back in the foreseeable future. I want to encourage you to ultimately continue your great
posts, have a nice day!

My homepage :: parquet chene pas cher

Anonymous said...

Greetings from Colorado! I'm bored to tears at work so I decided to check out your site on my iphone during lunch break. I enjoy the information you provide here and can't wait to take a look
when I get home. I'm surprised at how fast your blog loaded on my phone .. I'm not even using WIFI, just 3G .
. Anyways, good site!

Also visit my page; renover un parquet sans poncer

Anonymous said...

you're in point of fact a just right webmaster. The site loading speed is incredible. It sort of feels that you are doing any unique trick. Furthermore, The contents are masterpiece. you have performed a excellent job in this subject!

Feel free to surf to my blog; parquet massif pas cher

Anonymous said...

I'm not capable of view this website correctly on chrome I think there's a downside

Feel free to surf to my web page - trying to conceive tips

Anonymous said...

I will immediately grasp your rss as I can not in finding your e-mail subscription link or e-newsletter service.
Do you've any? Kindly allow me understand in order that I may subscribe. Thanks.

My webpage saffronextractreview123.weebly.com

Anonymous said...

If some one wishes expert view concerning blogging after that i advise him/her to pay a quick visit
this webpage, Keep up the nice work.

my site: prix porte fenetre pvc double vitrage

Anonymous said...

First off I want to say fantastic blog! I had a quick question in which I'd like to ask if you do not mind. I was interested to know how you center yourself and clear your head before writing. I've had a tough time clearing my mind in getting my ideas
out. I do enjoy writing however it just seems like the first
10 to 15 minutes tend to be lost simply just trying to figure out how to begin.
Any suggestions or tips? Thanks!

Take a look at my page - tringle à rideaux pour fenetre pvc

Anonymous said...

I will right away grasp your rss feed as I can't to find your email subscription hyperlink or newsletter service. Do you have any? Please let me recognize in order that I may just subscribe. Thanks.

My blog post parquet exterieur pas cher

Anonymous said...

Great blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere?
A theme like yours with a few simple adjustements would really
make my blog stand out. Please let me know where you got your
theme. With thanks

Take a look at my web page: volet roulant pvc

Anonymous said...

Can I simply say what a relief to find somebody that genuinely understands what they are talking
about on the net. You certainly know how to bring an issue to light and
make it important. More people need to read this and understand this side of the story.
It's surprising you aren't more popular given
that you definitely possess the gift.

my page ... parquet exterieur pas cher

Anonymous said...

You could certainly see your expertise within
the article you write. The sector hopes for more passionate
writers such as you who aren't afraid to mention how they believe. All the time go after your heart.

My page - construction terrasse bois

Anonymous said...

I rarely comment, however I looked at some of the responses here "A signal shown, and a distant voice in the darkness to WCIT-12".
I actually do have a couple of questions for you if you tend not to mind.
Is it just me or do a few of the remarks look like they are written
by brain dead visitors? :-P And, if you are writing on additional online social sites,
I would like to follow you. Would you post a list of the complete urls of all your public pages like your linkedin profile, Facebook page or twitter feed?


my webpage phenix option

Anonymous said...

Just wish to say your article is as surprising. The clearness in your post is simply
cool and i can assume you're an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission allow me to grab your feed to keep updated with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please continue the gratifying work.

Here is my website fenetre double vitrage pvc

Anonymous said...

Currently it appears like Drupal is the preferred blogging platform
out there right now. (from what I've read) Is that what you are using on your blog?

Here is my blog post :: pose d une terrasse en bois

Anonymous said...

Does your website have a contact page? I'm having trouble locating it but, I'd like to send you an
email. I've got some suggestions for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great blog and I look forward to seeing it develop over time.

Look at my page; fenetre pvc sur mesure devis en ligne

Anonymous said...

Exceptional post however I was wanting to know if you could write
a litte more on this subject? I'd be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit more. Bless you!

Also visit my homepage; phenix option

Anonymous said...

Displays From World wide With Absolutely free
Tv In Pc

Stop by my web blog video to mp3 converter online

Anonymous said...

I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you make this website yourself or
did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz answer back as I'm looking to create my own blog and would like to know where u got this from. many thanks

Also visit my weblog; dalle bois terrasse

Anonymous said...

It's going to be end of mine day, however before finish I am reading this enormous paragraph to increase my knowledge.

Also visit my page: lame de terrasse bois

Anonymous said...

I really love your blog.. Very nice colors & theme. Did you build
this web site yourself? Please reply back as I'm attempting to create my own website and want to know where you got this from or just what the theme is called. Thanks!

Feel free to surf to my site: lame de terrasse en composite

Anonymous said...

Good day! This is my 1st comment here so I just wanted to give
a quick shout out and say I really enjoy reading your posts.

Can you recommend any other blogs/websites/forums that deal with the
same subjects? Thank you so much!

My website ... renover parquet ancien

Anonymous said...

This is my first time pay a quick visit at here and i am
genuinely pleassant to read everthing at single place.


Also visit my blog portail coulissant electrique

Anonymous said...

Nice answer back in return of this issue with real arguments and explaining all about that.



Here is my web-site; cleanse the colon (www.hairbook.org)

Anonymous said...

However, the perception is that they all are inferior quality.
Prior to, the conventional strategies for identifying the expenditures of automobile insurance you should know a little bit about the different types of Auto Insurance 48357 before purchasing a
policy. Familiarize yourself with all the leading Motor Insurance providers
in Colorado are required to offer un-insured/under-insured motorist coverage in Las
Vegas? Examine the form carefully to make sure your divorce or separation agreement expressly states that your
child is not a technologically difficult process.


Here is my site: car insurance **

Anonymous said...

She might have a history with your ex get
a girlfriend fastYou have to be a strong, clear message to
a woman can be worth 100 rejections.

my webpage: webpage

Anonymous said...

And then you will probably notice right away is that on most dating sites, the guys outnumber the gals
by a ratio of about 2:1. Don't be harsh; just a little and all you can do to make things work as before and at any cost want to get your ex how to attract women back from a long time. So, you loved you How To Attract Women like crazy, however the relationship ended totally.

My webpage :: ways to attract women

Anonymous said...

I don't know if it's just me or if perhaps
everyone else encountering problems with your website. It
seems like some of the written text on your content are running
off the screen. Can somebody else please comment and let me know if this is happening to them as well?

This may be a issue with my internet browser because I've had this happen previously. Thanks

Feel free to visit my webpage master cleanse weight loss ()

Anonymous said...

booκmarked!!, I like your ωebsite!


my blog post ... Fryer electric

Anonymous said...

I like the valuable іnfo you ρroviԁe in уour artіcles.
I wіll bookmark your weblog аnԁ check
again here rеgularlу. I'm quite certain I will learn lots of new stuff right here! Good luck for the next!

my blog post - outdoor deep fryer ()

Anonymous said...

Тhіs is very inteгesting, Yοu're an overly skilled blogger. I've jοineԁ уour feed and look forward
to in search of moгe of youг great post.
Additionally, I've shared your site in my social networks

Look at my site - steam floor mops

Anonymous said...

Get pleasure from Flexibility Through Custom
Hardware Flash Propels

Visit my homepage; inclosure (www.rimpim.com)

Anonymous said...

Hi, І belіeve youг ωеbsitе сould
be haѵing brοwsеr cоmpatibility iѕsues.
Wheneνer I take а look at your sitе
in Sаfari, іt loоks fіne but whеn openіng іn I.

E., іt has sоme ovегlapping iѕsueѕ.
I merely ωanted tο give you a quicκ hеads uρ!
Aside from that, grеat sіtе!

My webρage ... two for one restaurant coupons

Anonymous said...

Ηiya very coοl wеb ѕitе!! Man ..
Εxcеllent .. Amazing .. I'll bookmark your website and take the feeds also? I am satisfied to search out so many helpful info here in the submit, we want work out extra techniques on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .

Here is my homepage - electric turkey deep fryer

Anonymous said...

I'm not sure why but this site is loading incredibly slow for me. Is anyone else having this problem or is it a problem on my end? I'll check back later and see if
the ρгοblem ѕtіll ехіsts.


Also ѵіsit mу ѕite :: mini deep fгуer ()

Anonymous said...

Video cameras – Images Capture Time frame

Feel free to visit my webpage paday loans uk

Anonymous said...

Uhf Television Antenna- Totally free Assistive Info regarding High Oftenness Antenna

my website paday loans uk

Anonymous said...

Ten Tactics to Keep Your bathrooms Clean not
to mention Organized

my site; paday loans uk

Anonymous said...

Uses For the Lg 40'' Lcd High definition tv

My weblog ... porous

Unknown said...

If you’re looking for savings in your local area, Alpha Coupons is your one-stop online companion to the best deals, offers and discounts from local leading UK businesses.
Coupons are codes which have different variety of different numbers or letters, retailers use coupons to encourage more sales. Just copy and paste the chosen codes and save those extra pounds!
JOIN NOW

Unknown said...

This is very attention-grabbing, You might be a good excessively experienced blogger.
check username create
Check Brand Product Username
Brand Product Username
social media management

suvo said...

Hi friend the information that you provide that was awesome.I really like your way but few days ago i was visiting a site its is good site . For More..

Synta Mobie said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Dale Morris said...

Norton antivirus phone number
McAfee antivirus phone number
Malwarebytes customer support number
Hp printer support contact number
Canon printer support online

tech blogger said...

BISE Lahore 12th Class Result 2019
BISE Lahore 12th Class Result 2019
BISE Rawalpindi 12th Class Result 2019
BISE Multan 12th Class Result 2019

Ali said...

Good Job, I really appreciate your effort. Keep it up Bro!
Get Daily Latest Technology News, Guides, Free Registered Softwares & Tips and Tricks => Best Tech News Website

Digital Pakistan said...

Good Job, I really appreciate your effort. Keep it up Bro!
very impressive blog >> Download 3Unlocker

Rayhan Khan NYC said...

The The 2020 Rose Parade will take place on Wednesday, 1st January at 11 a.m EST from Rose Parade Parking, Pasadena, California. The Parade will travel 5.5 miles (9 km).

Rayhan Khan NYC said...

The 2020 Super Bowl will be aired live on Fox with Joe Buck on lead commentary duty for the sixth time in the showpiece game.

Genesis Inviational 2020 said...


Maybe it is from its strong field of golfers or venue. Now we are going to discuss how to watch Players Championship 2020 live stream online with or without cable.

Unknown said...


There are lots of different options available for the Golf fans to watch masters 2020 live depending on where they are from the world.

Unknown said...


ESPN + has live streaming rights to show UFC 249 and all upcoming UFC Fight Nights. ESPN + is already known for hosting large tennis, football, and boxing matches.

Unknown said...


WrestleMania 36 Live Stream free is an awesome thanks to enjoying the event. You ought to initially ensure the online connection and also an ideal gadget.

College World Series said...

There are many ways to watch the Travelers Championship Live. Take your time to compare, and pick one of them that is suitable for you. Good

Unknown said...

Watch the PGA Championship Golf 2020 live on FuboTV. It is one of the popular platforms for sports lovers. There is a wide range of channels dedicated to sports. It offers 4 packs from which you can choose anyone.

live sports news T.V. said...

https://twitter.com/i/events/1305589175387783168
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305597287347806208
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305599739606392832
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305600198173839360
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305600466248560640
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305601487188361216
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305602495494852608
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305603797444509696
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305604565169889281
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305604751199854592

live sports news T.V. said...

https://twitter.com/i/events/1305605103781474304
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305606000683098113
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305607191617875968
https://twitter.com/i/events/1305608580192587777
https://twitter.com/i/moments/edit/1305603797444509696
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/commission/2020-Giants-vs-Steelers-Live-Reddit-Stream-Free-Online-TV-Channel-1377505
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/commission/LIVE-Steelers-vs-Giants-LiveStream-Giants-vs-Steelers-NFL-Free-1377504
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/commission/NFL-Streams-Pittsburgh-Steelers-vs-New-York-Giants-Live-Stream-Free-1377511

live sports news T.V. said...

https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/commission/NFL-Streams-Steelers-vs-Giants-LIVE-Week-1-Watch-NFL-Game-2020-1377512
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/commission/Pittsburgh-Steelers-vs-New-York-Giants-Watch-NFL-Game-2020-Live-Stream-1377518
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/commission/REDDIT-Streams-Giants-vs-Steelers-LIVE-Watch-Week-1-NFL-Game-free-1377515
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/commission/Steelers-vs-Giants-Watch-NFL-Week-1-Game-2020-Live-Stream-Free-HD-1377510
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/journal/NFL-Pittsburgh-Steelers-vs-New-York-Giants-Live-855153387
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/journal/STrEaMs-reddit-Steelers-vs-Giants-Live-Stream-NFL-855155681
https://www.deviantart.com/rensimyfriend/journal/Steelers-vs-Gian-Live-NFL-Reedit-stream-watch-Free-855155124
https://www.facebook.com/events/323678078852148/

custom printed corrugated boxes said...

Such a nice blog i like it very much keep up the good work.
affordable custom Cream Boxes
affordable printed Cream Boxes - Packhit

Akash said...

very nice article..

How to become a Photographer said...

follow my guide .